Method and apparatus for producing rivets



Dec. 1, 1942. A. A. SCHWARTZ ETAL ,3

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING RIVETS Filed Nbv. 19, 1940 5Sheets-Sheet 1 F7614. FIG/5 F/(i/6. FIG/7.

m fi fi A/PTHVRAJCf/WARTZ GEORGE CARSON Dec. 1, 1942. A. A. SCHWARTZEI'AL 2,303,662

METHOD AND-APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING RIVETS Filed Nov. 19, 1940 v 5Sheets-Sheet 2 ARTHUR 4. SC'f/WJFTZ I GEORGE CARSv/V 4 I W\ r Dec. 1942-A. A. SCHWARTZ EIAL 2,303,662

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING RIVETS Filed Nov. 19, 1940 5 sheets-sheet 3 FIG. Z FIG. 8. Am

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a .13 g 32 0' v0 k a V 5 gmwms A/PI'fi/UEA. scwmwrz GEORGE CARSON Dec.1, 1942. A. A. SCHWARTZ arm.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING RIVETS Filed Nov. 19, 19 40Sheets-Sheet 4 FIG ll.

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Dec. 1942. A. A. SCHWARTZ ETAL 2,303,662

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING RIVETS 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 wzmzkmmmum-2v.

Filed Nqv. 19, 1940 6 b5 .m% by .8 hm a? Pzwzm oz 25 555: 52m

Swan W018 ARTHUR 4. SCHWAXIZ GEORGE CARSON 92w) M, filfnh wow s PatentedDec. 1, 1942 METHOD AND APPARATUS roa PRODUCING RIVETS Arthur A.Schwartz and George Carson, Buflalo,

N. Y., assignors Buflalo, N. Y., a corpo Application November 19, 1940,

18 Claims.

method and appaand more especially for producing coined This inventionrelates to a ratus for producing rivets, to a method and apparatusrivets.

One of the objects of this invention is to provide a method andapparatus for producing rivets.

Another object of this invention is to provide a method and apparatusfor producing rivets with heads of accurate shape and of similar sizeand concentric with the body portion.

A further object of this invention is to provide a method and apparatusfor producing rivets without flash edges.

With these and other objects in view, this invention embraces broadlythe concept of providing a rivet to facilitate riveting requiring rivetheads that fit and fill countersinks or dimples. To fit properly, theheads of rivets of this type must be accurate in shape, substantiallyidentical in size, and must be concentric with the body portion of therivet. These rivet heads must also be made without a flash edge.Ordinarily the top surfaces of these rivet heads are flat so as to beflush with the surface of the joined member, but other shaped headscould be made without departing from the spirit of this invention. Thistype of rivet is customarily used in the construction of airplanes, andit is especially important in airplane construction to obtain rivetshaving the specifications mentioned above.

In the drawings:

Figure 1 is a face view of the reciprocating header and holder whichforms a part of the invention.

Figure 2 is a face view of the matrix and blank cut-oil which composethe other half of the die.

Figure 3 is a side elevational view of the header and matrix disclosedin Figures 1 and 2.

Figure 4 is a view taken along line 4-4 of Figure 2, looking in thedirection of the arrows.

Figure 5 is a view taken along line 5-5 of Figure 3, looking in thedirection of the arrows.

Figure 6 is a view taken along line 6-6 of Figure 3, looking in thedirection of the arrows.

Figure 7 is a view taken along line |--1 of Figure 2, looking in thedirection of thearrows, showing the blank cutofi in retarded position.

Figure 8 is similar to Figure 7 showing the blank cutofi in advancedposition.

Figure 9 is a view taken along line 9-9 of Figure 1, looking in thedirection of the arrows.

Figure 10 is a view taken along line lit-I0 of Figure 2, looking in thedirection of the arrows.

Figure 11 is a view to Bell Aircraft Corporation, ration of New YorkSerial No. 366,310

taken along line ll--l I 'of through an arc of Figure 2, looking in thedirection of the arrows. Figure 12 is a view taken along line |2--l2 ofFigures 1 and 2, looking in the direction of the arrows.

Figure 13 is similar to Figure 12 but showing the header in advancedposition.

Figure 14 disclosesa rivet blank.

Figure 15 discloses the blank with a centered head.

Figure 16 discloses a blank with abrazier head.

Figure 17 discloses the finished rivet.

Figure 18 discloses diagrammatically the steps ofproducing the rivet.

Referring to Figure 3 of the drawings, the numeral i represents in dotand dash lines a portion of a rivet forming press, the bed of which isindicated by the numeral 2 and the reciprocating ram by 3. Attached tothe bed 2 is a die holder 4 in which is rotatably mounted an annular die5. An annular header 5 is rigidly fastened to a header holder 1 which isin turn adjustably mounted by bolts 8 and adjusting screws 9 to the ram3. The header is adjusted to be in coaxial alignment with the die 5.

The face of the die holder 4 is bored to form a recess II! for the dieand a communicating stepped aperture II which is concentric with therecess l0 and extends through to the rear face of the holder 4. Theaperture l l is for the reception of a ratchet assembly indicatedgenerally by the numeral 12 and comprising a flanged disc l3 providedwith a radial arm l4 and a central shaft l5. The arm l4 moves within arecess IS in the rear face of the holder, its movement being limited to90 by the side walls ll of the recess.

Mounted to move with the disc I3 by means of pins l8 and positionedbetween the disc and the rear face of the die 5 is a circular pawlmember l9 provided with spring fingers 20 which are adapted to engageapertures 2| in the rear face of the die. The periphery of the die 5 isprovided with a plurality of sockets 22 which are adapted to receivespring loaded ball detents 23 provided in the die holder 4.

A linkage (not shown but operated by movement of the ram 3) engages thearm M to move it Upon its movement clockwise, looking at Figure 6 thedie is also rotated a quarter turn by the fingers 20 of the pawl l9. Onits return movement, however, the die 5 is held stationary by the balldetents 23. Thus the die is rotated by quarter turns, one for everystroke of the ram.

The die 5 is centrally bored as at 24 to rotate about the shaft l5 andis held within the recess ll flush with the face of the die holder 4 bymeans of a headed screw 25 which is threaded into the end of the shaft|5. The face of the' die 5 is also provided with two pairs ofdiametrically opposed sockets adapted to receive locating pins or dowels2'I projecting ifrom the face of the header 3. g

A series of apertures 23, 2'5, 33 and 3| arranged 90" apart are drilledcompletely through from the front to the rear face of the die and arecountersunk on the front face to conform with the underlurface of therivet head to be coined.

An aperture 32 is drilled through the die holder 4 in a linehorizontally tangent with the ring of die apertures 28 through 3| and isfitted with a quill 33 through which is fed the wire from which rivetsare to be formed. The wire is frictionally fed through the quill, in amanner common to rivet heading'machines, against an ad- Justable stopindicated by the screw 34 which determines the length of wire requiredfor each rivet. The screw 34 is supported in any suitable manner as bythe press I.

Mounted to move across the end of the quill 33 and up to a pointadjacent one of the die aper tures 28 through 3| is a cutoff knife 35provided with spring fingers 36. The mechanism for moving the knife 35is not shown but is also a part of rivet forming machinery, thereciprocating movement of the knife being synchronized with the movementof the ram.

Arranged in the face of the header 6 to be in perfect coaxial alignmentwith the die apertures 23 through 3| are four rivet forming stations 31,33, 39 and 40, the function of each of which will be described later.

At the station 31 is a plunger 4| projecting through an aperture 42 in acutaway portion 43 of the header 5. A compression spring 44 retainedwithin a socket 45 in the header holder I normally forces the plungeroutward. A head 46 on the plunger limits the outward movement of thplunger by engaging the rear face of the header as shown in Figure 12.

At the station 38, as shown in Figure 10, is a conical depression 41while at station 39 is an oval depression 48. The station 40 is planeand flush with the face of the header.

Provided for each of the die apertures 28 through 3| is a backing pin-5|l. These pins are made in sets of four, each set of different lengthto correspond to the different length of rivet desired to be made. Asseen in Figures 7 through 13 these pins 50 fit closely within the dieapertures and are provided with a plane outer end -5| and a roundedinner end 52 which engagesthe bottom shoulder 53 of the recess It. Theconventional knockout pin 54 is also shown in Figures 12 and 13projecting through an aperture 55 provided in the die holder in linewith the ring of die apertures 28 through 3|.

In the shoulder 53 in line with the station 40 of the header is a sunkencam surface 55 into which is adapted to ride the rounded end of thebacking pins 50 during the coining stage of the heading operation aswill be described in more detail.

The operation of the device may be understood by reference to thediagram of the cycle of operation, Figure 18, and to Figure 7 through 13which show the several steps of cutting off and inserting the rivetblanks and forming heads thereon.

During the first part of the forward movement of the rain 2 the knife 35moves across the face the conical depression asoaaoa ofthequill33andcutsoflthelengthofwire I. which projects through the quill. Thislength of wire or blank is carried by the spring fingers to a positionover the aperture 23 where movement of the knife stops. Further forwardmovement of the ram causes the plunger 4| to engage the blank and forceit into the aperture 23 against the plane end 5 l'of the backing pin 53.

The ram 2 then makes its return stroke and the knife moves back to itsnormal position. During a portion of the return stroke of the ram thedie is rotated 90 by means of the ratchet assembly l2 and its operatinglinkage. This brings the die aperture 23 in alignment with the conicalrecess 41 at station 33 of the header while the aperture 25 is moved inalignment with the plunger 4 at station 31. The die remains held in thisposition by the ball detents 23 during the remainder of the returnstroke of the ram and all of the rams forward stroke.

The next forward stroke of the ram causes 41 to engage the projectingend of the blank and slightly upset this end to form a preliminary headexactly centered with respect to the countersunk end of the dieaperture. While this centering operation is taking place, a second blankhas been cut oil and inserted in the aperture 29. In this and the nextheading operation the pin 50 backs up the blank by being held againstmovement by the shoulder 53.

The ram then returns and the die is moved another 90 which bringscentered rivet blank in line with the oval depression 43 at station 33of the header, the blank lust inserted in aperture 25 in line with thecentering depression 41 and the aperture 30 in line with the plunger 4|.On the next forward stroke of the ram the centered blank in aperture 23is further upset by the oval depression 48 to form a brazier head, thatis, a head having partial shoulders which are necessary to support thehead for the subsequent coining operation. At the same time the blank inaperture 25 is centered and a new blank is cut oil and inserted inaperture 33.

The third return stroke moves the die through a third 90 placing thebrazier head rivet in aperture 28 in line with the plane station 43 ofthe header. The second and third blanks are also moved forward in linewith the centering and braziering station on the header. In thisposition of the die the backing pin under the brazier head rivet movesover the cam depression 55.

On the fourth forward stroke of the ram, the plane station 40 of theheader engages the face of the die flattening the brazier head of therivet which is now supported by the partial shoulders formed on the headduring the second forward stroke of the ram, and since the backing pinhas been removed from its shank any metal in excess of that required toform the head of the rivet will flow into the shank aperture rather thaninto flash formations at the head. Thus a perfoot head is coined on therivet which is concentric with the shank and without burr or flash edge.The second and third blanks have a brazier head formed and are centeredrespectively, and a fourth blank is cut off and inserted in theremaining aperture 3|.

During the fourth return stroke, the die is rotated a fourth to bringthe finished rivet to the first position, i. e., station 31. As the diecompletes its movement, the knockout pin 54 moves forward to elect thefinished rivet. The

aperture 28 is now cleared for reception of a new blank and repeatingthe cycle of operations.

. While for purposes of illustration a four station revolving die hasbeen described, it is obvious that any progressive type of die may beemployed. For example, the die can readily be adjusted to travel throughan arc of more or less than 90 for each stage or the die may bestationary and the ram adapted to rotate. Moreover, various mechanicalchanges may be made in the rivet forming and positioning mechanismwithout departing from the spirit of this invention.

It is therefore to be understood that this invention is only to belimited by the prior art and the scope of the appended claims.

We claim:

1. A method of producing a rivet comprising the successive steps ofinserting a rivet blank in a die aperture, forming a head on the rivet,the centers of the head and shank of the rivet being concentric,braziering the head, coining the head by forcing the excess metal intothe rivet shank, and then removing the newly formed rivet from the die.

2. A method of producing a rivet comprising the successive steps ofinserting a rivet blank in a die aperture, revolving the die through apredetermined arc, forming a head on the blank, the centers of the headand shank of the rivet being concentric, revolving the die through asecond predetermined arc, braziering the newly formed head, revolvingthe die through a third predetermined arc, coining the head by forcingthe excess metal into the shank, returning the rivet to its firstposition, and then removing the newly formed rivet from the die.

3. A rivet forming device comprising a header and a die, said membersbeing in coaxial alignment with each other and one of said members beingcapable of a reciprocating movement in respect to the other, aperturesin said die, said apertures being separated by predetermined arcs, meanson said header to force a rivet blank into one of said apertures, aconical depression on said header to form a head on the blank, thecenter of the head and shank being concentric, an oval depression insaid header adapted to braz-ier the newly formed head, a station on theheader, said station of the header and adapted to flatten the rivethead, and means associated with the die to permit the excess metal to beforced into the rivet shank during said coining operation.

4. A rivet forming device comprising a header and a rotatable die, saidmembers being in coaxial alignment with each other and one of saidmembers being capable of a reciprocating movement in respect to theother, apertures in said die, said apertures being separated from eachother by predetermined arcs, stations on said header, said stationsbeing separated from each other by predetermined arcs, means at onestation on said header to force a rivet blank into one of saidapertures, a conical depression at the next station on said header toform a head on the blank after it has been rotated through apredetermined arc, the center of the head and shank being concentric, athird station comprising an oval depression in said header adapted tobrazier the newly formed head after it has been rotated through apredetermined arc, and a fourth station on the header, said stationbeing flush with the surface of the header and adapted to flatten thenewly formed rivet head after it has been being flush with the surfaceiii) rotated through a predetermined arc, and means associated with thedie to permit the excess metal to be forced into the rivet shank duringsaid coining operation.

5. A rivet forming device comprising a header and a rotatable die, saidmembers being in coaxial alignment with each other, means to reciprocatethe header in respect to the die, apertures in said die, said aperturesbeing separated from each other by arcs of stations on said header, saidstations being separated from each other by arcs of 90, means at onestation on said header to force a rivet blank into one of saidapertures, a conical depression at the next station on said header toform a head on the blank after it has been rotated through an arc of 90,the center of the head and shank being concentric, a third stationcomprising an oval depression in said header adapted to brazier thenewly formed head after it has been rotated through an arc of 90, and afourth station on the header, said station being flush with the surfaceof the header and adapted to flatten the newly formed rivet head afterit has been rotated through an arc of 90, and means associated with thedie to permit the excess metal to be forced into the rivet shank duringsaid coining operation.

6. A rivet forming device comprising a header holder, a header mountedon said holder, a die holder and a die rotatably mounted in said holder,said members being in coaxial alignment with each other, means toreciprocate the header in respect to the die, an aperture in the dieholder, means to feed wire through the aperture, apertures in said die,said apertures being separated from each other by arcs of 90, means torotate the die in the die holder, stations on said header, said stationsbeing separated from each other by arcs of 90, cutting means adapted toreciprocate across a portion of the die face simultaneously with theheader to cut the outer extremity of the said wire into a rivet blank,means at one station on the said header to force the newly cut rivetblank into one of the said apertures, a conical depression at the nextstation on the said header to form a head on the blank after the die hasbeen rotated through an arc of 90, the center of the head and shankbeing concentric, a third station comprising an oval depression in saidheader adapted to brazier the newly formed head after the die has againbeen rotated through an arc of 90, and a fourth station on the header,said station being flush with the surface of the header and adapted toflatten the newly formed rivet head after the die has again been rotatedthrough an arc of 90, and means associated'with the die to permit theexcess metal to be forced into the rivet shank during said coiningoperation.

'7. A rivet forming device comprising a header holder, a header mountedon said holder, 2. die holder, a recess in said die holder, a dierotatably mounted in the recess, means to reciprocate the header inrespect to the die, an aperture in the die holder, means to feed wirethrough the aperture, a cam surface in the recess, apertures in saiddie, said apertures being separated from each other by arcs of 90, abacking pin in each aperture, means to rotate the die in the die holder,stations on said header, said stations being separated from each otherby arcs of 90, cutting means adapted to reciprocate across a portion ofthe die face simultaneously with the header to cut the outer extremityof the said wire into a rivet blank, means at one station on the saidheader to force the newly cut rivet blank into one of the saidapertures, a conical depression at the next station on the saidapertures to force a head on the blank after the die has been rotatedthrough an arc of 90, the center of the head and shank being concentric,a third station comprising an oval depression in said header adapted tobrazier the said newly formed head after the die has again been rotatedthrough an arc of 90, and a fourth station on the die, said stationbeing flush with the surface of the header and being adapted to flattenthe newly formed rivet head after the die has again been rotated throughan arc of 90", said operation forcing the outer extremity of the backingpin into the cam surface of the die holder during this coining operationto permit the excess metal to be forced into the rivet shank, anaperture in the die holder adjacent the cam surface, and a throw-out pinmounted in the aperture and adapted to force the rivet out of the dieafter it has again been rotated through an arc of 90.

8. A rivet forming device comprising a header holder, a header mountedon said holder, a die holder, a recess in said die holder, a dierotatably mounted in the recess, means to reciprocate the header inrespect to the die, an aperture in the die holder, means to feed wirethrough the aperture, a cam surface in the recess, apertures in saiddie, said apertures being separated from each other by arcs of 90, abacking pin in each aperture, means to rotate the die in the die holder,stations on said header, said stations being separated from each otherby arcs of 90, cutting means adapted to reciprocate across a portion ofthe die face simultaneously with the header to cut the outer extremityof the: said wire into a rivet blank, a spring actuated plunger at onestation in said header to force the newly cut rivet blank into the saidaperture against the backing pin, a conical depression at the nextstation on said apertures to force a head on the blank after the die hasbeen rotated through an arc of 90, the center of the head and shankbeing concentric, a third station comprising an oval depression in saidheader adapted to brazier the said newly formed head after the die hasagain been rotated through an arc of 90, and a fourth station on thedie, said station being flush with the surface of the header and beingadapted to flatten the newly formed rivet head after the die has againbeen rotated through an arc of 90, said operation forcing the outerextremity of the backing pin into the cam surface of the die holderduring this coining operation to permit the excess metal to be forcedinto the rivet shank, an aperture in the die holder adjacent the camsurface, and throw-out pin mounted in the aperture and adapted to forcethe rivet out of the die after it has again been rotated through an arcof 90.

9. A rivet forming device comprising a header holder, a header mountedonsaid holder, a die holder, a recess in said die holder, a die rotatablymounted in the recess, means to reciprocate the header in respect to thedie, an aperture in the die holder, means to feed wire through theaperture, a cam surface in the recess, apertures in said die, saidapertures being separated from each other by arcs of 90, a backing pinin each aperture, a lever attached to the die, means to force the leverto rotate the die through an arc of 90 with each movement of the lever,stations on said header, said stations being separated from each otherby arcs of 90, cutting means adapted to reciprocate across a portion ofthe die face asoaoea simultaneously with the header to cut the outerextremity of the said wire into a rivet blank, said cutting means beingprovided with means to position the newly cut blank in alignment withone of the said apertures in the said die, a plunger at one station onsaid header to force the newly .cut rivet blank into the said apertureagainst the backing pin, 'a conical depression at the next station onthe said apertures to force a head on the blank after the die has beenrotated through an arc of the center of the head and shank beingconcentric, a third station comprising an oval depression in said headeradapted to brazier the said newly formed head after the die has againbeen rotated through an arc of 90. and a fourth station on the die, saidstation being flush with the surface of the header and being adapted toflatten the newly formed rivet head after the die has again been rotatedthrough an arc of 90, said operation forcing the outer extremity of thebacking pin into the cam surface of the die holder during this coiningoperation to permit the excess metal to be forced into the rivet shank,an aperture in the die holder adjacent the cam surface, and a throw-outpin mounted in the aperture and adapted to force the rivet out of thedie after it has again been rotated through an arc of 90.

10. A rivet forming device comprising a header holder, a header mountedon said holder, a die holder, a recess in said die holder, a dierotatably mounted in the recess, the upper surface of said die beingflush with the surface of the die holder, means to reciprocate theheader in respect to the die, an aperture in the die holder, means tofeed wire through the aperture, a camsurface in the recess, apertures insaid die, said apertures being separated from each other by arcs of 90,a backing pin in each aperture, a lever attached to the die means toforce the lever to rotate the die through an arc of 90 with eachmovement of the lever, stations on said header, said stations beingseparated from each other by arcs of 90, cutting means adapted toreciprocate across a portion of the die face simultaneously with theheader to cut the outer extremity of the said wire into a rivet blank,said cutting means being provided with means to position the newly cutblank in alignment with one of the said apertures in the said die, aspring actuated plunger at one station in said header to force the newlycut rivet blank into the said aperture against the backing pin, aconical depression at the next station on the said apertures to force ahead on the blank after the die has been rotated through an arc of 90,the center of the head and shank being concentric, a third stationcomprising an oval. depression in said header adapted to brazier thesaid newly formed head after the die has again been rotated through anarc of 90, and a fourth station on the die, said station being flushwith the surface of the header and being adapted to flatten the newlyformed rivet head after the die has again been rotated through an arc of90, said operation forcing the outer extremity of the backing pin intothe cam surface of the die holder during this coining operation topermit the excess metal to be forced into the rivet shank, an aperturein the die holder adjacent the cam surface, and a throw-out pin mountedin the aperture and adapted to force the rivet out of the die after ithas again been rotated through an arc of 90.

11. A method of producing a rivet from a rivet means associated with thedie to permit the exblank comprising forming a head on the blank, thecenters of the head and shank of the rivet being concentric, and partlyflattening the head, the blank being supported by a backing during saidsteps, and then removing the backing and coining the head by forcing theexcess metal into the rivet shank.

12. A method of producing a rivet from a rivet blank comprising thesuccessive steps of forming a head on the blank, the centers of the headand shank of the rivet being concentric, and braziering the head, theblank being supported by a backing during said steps, and then removingthe bacbng and coining the head by forcing the excess metal into therivet shank.

13. A method of producing a rivet froma rivet blank comprising forming ahead on the blank, the centers of the head and shank of the rivet beingconcentric, braziering the head, coining the head by forcing the excessmetal into the rivet shank, and then removing the newly formed rivet.

14. A rivet forming device comprising a header and a die, at least oneof said members being capable of a reciprocating movement in respect tothe other, apertures in said die, means to force a rivet blank into oneof said apertures, means on said header to form a head on the blank, thecenters of the head and shank of the rivet being concentric, a secondmeans on said head adapted to partly flatten the newly formed head, athird means on said header adapted to coin the rivet head, and meansassociated with the die to permit the excess metal to be forced into therivet shank during said coining operation, said heading, flattening andcoining operations being performed in successive steps.

15. A rivet forming device comprising a header and a die, at least oneof said members being capable of a reciprocating movement in respect tothe other, apertures in the said die, means to force the rivet blankinto one of said apertures, means on said header to form a head on theblank, a depression in said header adapted to brazier the newly formedhead, a station on said header designed to flatten the rivet head, and

cess metal to be forced into the rivet shank during said coiningoperation, said head forming. braziering and coining operations beingperformed in successive steps.

16. A rivet forming device comprising a header and a die, at least oneof said members being capable of a reciprocating movement in respect tothe other, and one of said members being rotatably mounted, apertures insaid die, means to force the rivet blank into one of said apertures, adepression on said header to form a head on the blank, the centers ofthe head and shank being concentric, a depression in said header adaptedto brazier the newly formedhead, a station on the header, said stationbeing designed to coin the rivet head, and means associated with the dieto permit the excess metal to be forced into the rivet shank during saidcoining operatio 1'1. A rivet forming device comprising a header and adie, at least one of said members being capable of a reciprocatingmovement in respect to the other, and one of said members beingrotatably mounted, stations on saiddie and said header, means at onestation on said header to force the rivet blank into one of the saidstations on the die, a depression at the next station on said header toform a head on the blank, the centers of the head and shank beingconcentric, a third station comprising a depression on said head adaptedto brazier the newly formed head, and a fourth station on the header,said station being flush with the'surface of the header and adapted toflatten the newly formed rivet head, and means associated with the dieto permit the excess metal to be forced into the rivet shank during saidcoining operation.

18. A method of producing a rivet from a rivet blank comprising forminga head on the blank, the centers of the head and shank of the rivetbeing concentric, partly flattening the head and then coining the headby forcing the excess metal into the rivet shank.

ARTHUR A. SCHWARTZ. GEORGE CARBON.

